In the heart of Pennsylvania, a majestic spectacle unfolds as eagles soar gracefully through the skies, embodying freedom and strength. These magnificent birds, once on the brink of extinction, have made a remarkable comeback, captivating the hearts of residents and visitors alike. Pennsylvania’s diverse landscapes, from the lush forests of the Pocono Mountains to the serene waters of the Susquehanna River, provide the perfect habitat for these raptors to thrive.
The resurgence of eagles in Pennsylvania is a testament to dedicated conservation efforts and the resilience of nature. Bald eagles, with their distinctive white heads and powerful wingspans, can often be seen gliding above rivers, lakes, and streams, hunting for fish or tending to their nests. Golden eagles, though rarer, also grace the state’s skies, especially during their migratory journeys.
Eagle watching has become a popular pastime in Pennsylvania, with enthusiasts flocking to hotspots like the Conowingo Dam and Hawk Mountain Sanctuary to catch a glimpse of these awe-inspiring birds. As you venture into Pennsylvania’s wild spaces, keep your eyes peeled and your spirits high, for the sight of an eagle soaring against the backdrop of a vibrant sunset is a moment that captures the essence of nature’s splendour and the enduring spirit of these remarkable birds.
Bald Eagle
- Scientific name: Haliaeetus leucocephalus
- Life span: 20-30 years
- Size: 2.5 to 3 feet (0.7 to 0.9 meters)
- Weight: 6.6 to 13,8 lbs (3 to 6.3 kg)
- Wingspan: 66 to 96 in (165 to 244 cm)
- Status: Least Concern
- State status: Breeding and common
The bald eagle, a powerful symbol of American freedom, is one of the most recognizable birds in North America. It is distinguished by its striking appearance, characterized by a white head and tail contrasting with a dark brown body and wings. The bald eagle’s piercing yellow eyes and large, hooked yellow beak further enhance its regal presence.
This bird of prey can be seen across a wide geographical range that includes most of Canada, Alaska, the contiguous United States, and northern Mexico. In Pennsylvania, bald eagles are now common, benefiting from successful conservation efforts. They prefer habitats near large bodies of open water with abundant food supply and old-growth trees for nesting. These habitats range from coastal areas and inland rivers to large lakes and reservoirs.

The resurgence of bald eagles in regions like Pennsylvania is a testament to their adaptability and the success of environmental protection laws, which have helped their populations recover from the brink of extinction. Today, seeing a bald eagle soaring high in the sky or perched majestically on a treetop is a thrilling experience that connects us with nature’s grandeur.
Bald eagles are renowned for their impressive nests, known as eyries, which are typically built high in tall trees near large bodies of water. These nests are made of sticks and lined with softer materials like grass, moss, and feathers. Bald eagle nests are among the largest of any bird species, with some reaching up to 10 feet in diameter and weighing over a thousand pounds. Eagles often return to the same nest year after year, adding new material each season, which causes the nests to grow considerably over time.
Both parents participate in nest building, with the female arranging most of the materials. Nesting usually begins in late winter, and a pair of eagles will lay one to three eggs. The female primarily incubates the eggs while the male provides food. After about 35 days, the eggs hatch, and the parents share the duties of feeding and protecting the eaglets until they fledge, which occurs around 10 to 12 weeks later.
The diet of the bald eagle is primarily composed of fish, which they skillfully snatch from the water with their powerful talons. They are often seen soaring high above lakes, rivers, and coastal waters, scanning the surface for signs of fish. When they spot their prey, they dive swiftly and catch it with remarkable precision. In addition to fish, bald eagles are opportunistic feeders and will consume a variety of other animals, including waterfowl, small mammals, and carrion.

They are known to pirate food from other birds, such as ospreys, by harassing them until they drop their catch. This versatile diet allows bald eagles to thrive in diverse habitats. During winter months, when fish are less accessible due to frozen waters, they rely more heavily on carrion and are often seen scavenging along rivers and lakeshores where water remains unfrozen.
The conservation history of the bald eagle is a remarkable success story. By the mid-20th century, the bald eagle population had plummeted due to habitat destruction, illegal shooting, and, most significantly, the widespread use of the pesticide DDT, which caused eggshell thinning and reproductive failure. In response, the Bald Eagle Protection Act was enacted in 1940, followed by the banning of DDT in 1972. Intensive conservation efforts, including habitat protection, nest monitoring, and reintroduction programs, were implemented. In Pennsylvania, a reintroduction program in the 1980s brought eaglets from Canada to be raised and released in the state.
This initiative, combined with federal protections and environmental regulations, led to a dramatic recovery. By 2007, the bald eagle was removed from the federal list of endangered and threatened species. Today, Pennsylvania is home to a thriving bald eagle population, with nests found in almost every county, symbolizing the success of dedicated conservation efforts and the resilience of this iconic bird.
Golden Eagle
- Scientific name: Aquila chrysaetos
- Life span: 30 years
- Size: 26 to 40 inches (66 to 102 cm)
- Weight: 6.4 to 13.2 lb (2.9 to 6 kg)
- Wingspan: 70 to 90 in (180 to 230 cm)
- Status: Least Concern
- State status: Migratory and rare
It is adorned with dark brown plumage that shimmers with a golden hue on the back of its head and neck, giving the bird its name. The golden eagle’s sharp, dark eyes and formidable beak add to its powerful demeanour. This raptor has an extensive geographical range, spanning much of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, Asia, and parts of North Africa. In North America, it is predominantly found in the western regions, but it also migrates through parts of the eastern United States, including Pennsylvania.

In Pennsylvania, golden eagles are primarily migratory visitors, passing through during their seasonal migrations along the Appalachian Mountains. They favor open and semi-open habitats, including mountainous regions, grasslands, and shrublands. The golden eagle’s preference for rugged, remote areas allows it to thrive away from human disturbances.
Observing a golden eagle in flight, with its wings held in a slight V-shape and its impressive aerial maneuvers, is a breathtaking sight that highlights the bird’s prowess and the untamed beauty of the wilderness.
Golden eagles are known for their preference for remote and rugged landscapes when it comes to nesting. They typically build their nests, called eyries, on cliff ledges or in tall trees, providing a panoramic view of their surroundings and an element of safety from ground predators. These nests are constructed from large sticks and are lined with softer vegetation, including grass, moss, and bark.
Golden eagles often maintain multiple nests within their territory, rotating between them over the years. Nest building or refurbishment begins several months before egg-laying, with both the male and female contributing to the process. The female lays one to three eggs, which are incubated primarily by her for about 45 days. During this period, the male hunts and brings food to the nest.
Once hatched, the eaglets are fed by both parents, with the female typically tearing food into manageable pieces for the chicks. The young eagles fledge at around 10 weeks of age but often remain dependent on their parents for several more months as they learn to hunt.
They primarily hunt small to medium-sized mammals, such as rabbits, hares, and ground squirrels. Their keen eyesight allows them to spot prey from great distances while soaring high above the ground. Golden eagles are also known to hunt larger animals, including young deer and livestock, though this is less common. They are skilled at both aerial and ground hunting, often catching their prey by surprise with a swift, powerful dive. In addition to live prey, golden eagles will scavenge carrion, particularly during the winter months when live prey is scarce.
This opportunistic feeding behavior ensures they can sustain themselves even in harsh conditions. Their diet can vary significantly based on their geographical location and the availability of prey, showcasing their adaptability to different environments.

While golden eagles are not as universally iconic as bald eagles, they have faced significant threats, primarily due to habitat loss, human disturbance, and poisoning from lead ammunition in carcasses they scavenge. In Pennsylvania, golden eagles are considered a vulnerable species, with efforts focused on monitoring their migration patterns and protecting critical habitats along their migratory routes.
Conservationists track these eagles using satellite telemetry to better understand their movements and identify key areas for protection. Initiatives to reduce lead poisoning, such as promoting the use of non-lead ammunition, have also been crucial. Public education campaigns aim to raise awareness about the importance of golden eagles and the role they play in the ecosystem. These combined efforts have contributed to a better understanding of golden eagle populations and the implementation of strategies to ensure their continued presence in Pennsylvania’s skies.
Where to find Eagles in Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania is a haven for eagle enthusiasts, offering numerous locations where these majestic birds can be observed in their natural habitat. To find eagles, especially the iconic bald eagle, a bit of planning and patience is essential. Bring along binoculars, a camera, and a sense of adventure as you set out to explore these prime eagle-watching spots.
- Conowingo Dam: Located on the Susquehanna River near the Maryland border, Conowingo Dam is a renowned spot for bald eagle sightings, especially during the winter months. Eagles flock here to take advantage of the abundant fish, making it a photographer’s paradise.
- Hawk Mountain Sanctuary: Nestled in the Appalachian Mountains, this sanctuary is a premier location for observing migratory raptors, including golden eagles. The sanctuary offers trails and lookouts where visitors can watch eagles soar against the stunning mountain backdrop.
- Middle Creek Wildlife Management Area: Situated in Lancaster and Lebanon counties, Middle Creek is a great year-round destination for eagle watching. The area features a large lake and wetlands, providing an ideal hunting ground for eagles.
- Lake Wallenpaupack: In the Pocono Mountains, Lake Wallenpaupack is another excellent location for spotting eagles. The expansive lake and surrounding forests attract these birds, especially during the colder months when they hunt for fish in the open waters.
To maximize your eagle-watching experience, visit during early morning or late afternoon when eagles are most active.
Conclusion
The resurgence of eagles in Pennsylvania symbolizes a triumph of conservation efforts and nature’s resilience. From the awe-inspiring sight of bald eagles nesting along riverbanks to the majestic golden eagles soaring over the Appalachian ridges, these raptors captivate our imaginations and enrich the state’s biodiversity.
Continued protection and awareness are crucial to ensure these magnificent birds thrive for future generations, reminding us of the profound impact we can have on preserving our natural heritage.